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PM2.5 annual mean (µg/m³), Southeast Asia + KR/CN/JP

Population-weighted annual average PM2.5 across Southeast Asia + Korea/China/Japan. Two sources with different methodology and coverage — switch above the chart: IQAir aggregates ground-station readings (2018 onward); the World Bank series is satellite + model-based (2018–2020) and additionally covers Brunei and Timor-Leste. Lower is better.

Source: IQAir (ground stations), World Bank (satellite) · last checked 2026-06-13 · Compiled from IQAir's public country table; provenance in docs/research/2026-06-13-sea-pm25-research.md

Source

Ground-monitor network annual means (World Air Quality Reports). Recent and urban-weighted, but Brunei and Timor-Leste lack coverage and Cambodia's 2022 figure is omitted as a station artifact.

IQAir (ground stations, urban-weighted) and World Bank (satellite + model, rural-inclusive) measure differently and are not directly comparable. Cambodia 2022 omitted (IQAir artifact). WHO annual guideline is 5 µg/m³.

Source: IQAir (ground stations), World Bank (satellite) · checked 2026-06-13re-designed by UndertheSEA

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